With the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), significant progress has been made
in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Despite the long-lasting outcomes in responders, the …

Rates of obesity and diabetes have increased significantly over the past decades and the
prevalence is expected to continue to rise further in the coming years. Many observations …

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive lung cancer subtype and its first-line
treatment has remained unchanged for decades. In recent years, immunotherapy has …

Despite remarkable improvements in cancer treatment approaches, breast cancer is still the
main cause of cancer-related death in women. Its principal cause is the resistance of the …

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) usually aggravates tumor hypoxia, which promotes the survival
and metastasis of residue cancer cells; furthermore, although PDT‐induced immunogenic …

Due to imbalances between vascularity and cellular growth patterns, the tumour
microenvironment harbours multiple metabolic stressors including hypoxia and acidosis …

Hypoxia is a known feature of solid tumors and a critical promoter of tumor hallmarks.
Hypoxia influences tumor immunity in a way favoring immune evasion and resistance …

The magnitude of the host immune response can be regulated by either stimulatory or
inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules. Receptor-ligand binding between inhibitory …

Blocking interaction of the immune checkpoint receptor PD-1 with its ligand PD-L1 is
associated with good clinical outcomes in a broad variety of malignancies. High levels of PD …

The efficacy of conventional anti-tumor immunotherapeutic approaches is markedly affected
by the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumor. Since adenosine is one of the main …