Type 2 immunity is characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, and this
immune response is commonly observed in tissues during allergic inflammation or infection …

TNF blockers are highly efficacious at dampening inflammation and reducing symptoms in
rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing …

Type 2 helper T (Th2) cells, a subset of CD4+ T cells, play an important role in the host
defense against pathogens and allergens by producing Th2 cytokines, such as interleukin-4 …

Fibrosis is the result of extracellular matrix protein deposition and remains a leading cause
of death in USA. Despite major advances in recent years, there remains an unmet need to …

Silicosis is a kind of irreversible pulmonary fibrosis induced by the long-term inhalation of
silica particles. The therapeutic strategy based on the microRNAs might be an effective way …

Interactions between the lung epithelium and the immune system involve a tight regulation
to prevent inappropriate reactions and have been connected to several pulmonary diseases …

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic type 2 allergic disease, with esophageal tissue
remodeling as the mechanism behind clinical dysphagia and strictures. IL-13 is thought to …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a pathological result of dysfunctional repair response to
tissue injury, leading to chronically impaired gas exchange and death. Macrophages are …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and fatal interstitial pneumonia. The
disease pathophysiology is poorly understood and the etiology remains unclear. Recent …

Background & Aims Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is an antigen-mediated eosinophilic
disease of the esophagus that involves fibroblast activation and progression to fibrostenosis …