Research on astronaut health and model organisms have revealed six features of
spaceflight biology that guide our current understanding of fundamental molecular changes …

NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay—boots back on the
lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to …

Experiencing real weightlessness in space is a dream for many of us who are interested in
space research. Although space traveling fascinates us, it can cause both short-term and …

Abstract Space sojourns are challenging for life. The ability of the human body to adapt to
these extreme conditions has been noted since the beginning of human space travel …

Abstract Purpose of Review Over the past decades, osteocytes have emerged as mechano-
sensors of bone and master regulators of bone homeostasis. This article summarizes latest …

It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone
remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a …

Abstract The SpaceX Inspiration4 mission provided a unique opportunity to study the impact
of spaceflight on the human body. Biospecimen samples were collected from four crew …

As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and …

Bone loss and renal stone risk are longstanding concerns for astronauts. Bone resorption
brought on by spaceflight elevates urinary calcium and the risk of renal stone formation …

Humans are generally in standing or sitting positions on Earth during the day. The
musculoskeletal system supports these positions and also allows motion. Gravity acting in …