Since the initial description of apoptosis, a number of different forms of cell death have been
described. In this review we will focus on classic caspase-dependent apoptosis and its …

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by noncardiogenic pulmonary
edema. It has a high mortality rate and lacks effective pharmacotherapy. With the outbreak of …

Repeatedly activated T helper 1 (Th1) cells present during chronic inflammation can
efficiently adapt to the inflammatory milieu, for example, by expressing the transcription …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an effective treatment for B cell
malignancies, with emerging potential for the treatment of other hematologic cancers and …

IL-4 plays an essential role in the activation of mature B cells, but less is known about the
role of IL-4 in B cell maturation and tolerance checkpoints. In this study, we analyzed the …

Members of the Bcl-2 family have critical roles in regulating tissue homeostasis by
modulating apoptosis. Anti-apoptotic molecules physically interact and restrain pro-apoptotic …

T cells play a critical role in immune responses as they specifically recognize peptide/MHC
complexes with their T‐cell receptors and initiate adaptive immune responses. While T cells …

Maintenance of genomic stability in cells is primordial for cellular integrity and protection
against tumor progression. Many factors such as ultraviolet light, oxidative stress, exposure …

The processes that regulate T cell memory generation are important for therapeutic design
and the immune response to disease. However, what allows a subset of effector T cells to …

Keloid is a common and refractory disease characterized by abnormal fibroblast proliferation
and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix components. Hypocrellin B (HB) is a natural …