The action potential of the squid giant axon is formed by just two voltage-dependent
conductances in the cell membrane, yet mammalian central neurons typically express more …

Axons are generally considered as reliable transmission cables in which stable propagation
occurs once an action potential is generated. Axon dysfunction occupies a central position in …

The distal end of the axon initial segment (AIS) is the preferred site for action potential
initiation in cortical pyramidal neurons because of its high Na+ channel density. However, it …

Most synaptic inputs are made onto the dendritic tree. Recent work has shown that dendrites
play an active role in transforming synaptic input into neuronal output and in defining the …

Abstract Changes in synaptic efficacy are thought to be crucial to experience-dependent
modifications of neural function. The diversity of mechanisms underlying these changes is …

The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized region in neurons where action potentials are
initiated. It is commonly assumed that this process requires a high density of voltage-gated …

Neurons are generally considered to communicate information by increasing or decreasing
their firing rate. However, in principle, they could in addition convey messages by using …

The cerebellum is a central brain structure deeply integrated into major loops with the
cerebral cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. The cerebellum shows a complex regional …

Axons in the cerebral cortex receive synaptic input at the axon initial segment almost
exclusively from γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) axo-axonic cells (AACs). The …

The exact site of initiation and shape of action potentials vary among different neuronal
types. The reason for this variability is largely unknown, but the subunit composition, density …