Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is an orbital autoimmune disorder and the main extrathyroidal
manifestation of Graves' disease, the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. GO affects …

Robert Graves first identified the association of goiter, palpitations, and exophthalmos in
1835, although Caleb Parry had published details of a case 10 years earlier. The discovery …

OBJECTIVE Approximately 35% of patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy do not respond to
immunosuppressive treatment. A possible explanation for this finding is that only patients …

Graves' ophthalmopathy is an debilitating disease impairing the quality of life of affected
individuals. Despite recent progress in the understanding of its pathogenesis, treatment is …

Background The chief clinical characteristics of Graves' disease are hyperthyroidism and
ophthalmopathy. The relation between the two and the effect of treatment for …

Graves' ophthalmopathy is clinically relevant in approximately 50% of patients with Graves'
disease, severe forms affecting 3%–5% of patients. Two age peaks of incidence are …

Environmental, genetic, and immune factors are at play in the development of the variable
clinical manifestations of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). Among the environmental …

DEVELOPMENTS in thyroid autoimmunity have been reviewed in this journal previously (1,
2), but since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms …

Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether TSH-receptor antibody [TSH
binding inhibitory antibodies (TBII)] levels are associated with the severity of Graves' …

Objective.—To develop a set of minimum clinical guidelines for use by primary care
physicians in the evaluation and management of patients with hyperthyroidism and …