Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a microbial process that produces renewable energy in the form
of methane by treating organic waste and high-strength wastewater. Recent studies have …

Our knowledge regarding the nature and development of microbial biofilms has grown
significantly since the first report of these communities by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the …

Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as a primary causative agent of dental caries in
humans. An important virulence property of the bacterium is its ability to form biofilm known …

Streptococci readily colonize mucosal tissues in the nasopharynx; the respiratory,
gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts; and the skin. Each ecological niche presents a …

Gram-positive bacteria possess a myriad of acid resistance systems that can help them to
overcome the challenge posed by different acidic environments. In this review the most …

From the very beginning of the discipline of microbiology, the dogma has been to isolate
bacteria in pure culture in order to be able to define their individual properties. This process …

New technologies have provided novel insights into how dental plaque functions as a
biofilm. Confocal microscopy has confirmed that plaque has an open architecture similar to …

Background: Most microorganisms in nature attach to surfaces and form matrix‐embedded
biofilms. Biofilms are highly structured and spatially organized, and are often composed of …

In bacteria, two-component systems (TCS) are widely used signal transduction devices
which are engaged in a multitude of gene regulatory systems that respond to changing …

Two-component regulatory systems (TCSs) are a major mechanism by which bacteria sense
and respond to changes in their environment. TCSs typically consist of two proteins that …