Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a neuropeptide with diverse physiological
functions. Its two isoforms (α and β) are widely expressed throughout the body in sensory …

GDF15 has recently gained scientific and translational prominence with the discovery that its
receptor is a GFRAL-RET heterodimer of which GFRAL is expressed solely in the hindbrain …

After ingestion of toxin-contaminated food, the brain initiates a series of defensive responses
(eg, nausea, retching, and vomiting). How the brain detects ingested toxin and coordinates …

The overconsumption of highly caloric and palatable foods has caused a surge in obesity
rates in the past half century, thereby posing a healthcare challenge due to the array of …

Growing evidence implicates the brain in the regulation of both immediate fuel availability
(for example, circulating glucose) and long-term energy stores (that is, adipose tissue mass) …

The lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) is a major target of spinal projection neurons
conveying nociceptive input into supraspinal structures. However, the functional role of …

Perception of threats is essential for survival. Previous findings suggest that parallel
pathways independently relay innate threat signals from different sensory modalities to …

Central glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor (GIPR) signaling is
critical in GIP-based therapeutics' ability to lower body weight, but pathways leveraged by …

The spino-ponto-amygdaloid pathway is a major ascending circuit relaying nociceptive
information from the spinal cord to the brain. Potentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission …

The parabrachial nucleus (PBN) is a major hub that receives sensory information from both
internal and external environments. Specific populations of PBN neurons are involved in …