The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a key player in the control of the cardiovascular
system and hydroelectrolyte balance, with an influence on organs and functions throughout …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
worldwide. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors and sodium-glucose co …

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) isoforms are cytokines involved in a variety of
cellular processes, including myofiber repair and regulation of connective tissue formation …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) has high prevalence and poor prognosis which make it a
research priority for scientists. Since metformin, a hypoglycaemic drug, has been found to …

Skeletal muscle is a tissue that shows the most plasticity in the body; it can change in
response to physiological and pathological stimuli. Among the diseases that affect skeletal …

Cachexia is a serious complication of many chronic diseases, such as congestive heart
failure (CHF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many factors are involved in the …

During the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) circulate
in the bloodstream and interact with endothelial cells (ECs), increasing intracellular …

Overactivation of the renin–angiotensin (Ang) system (RAS) increases the classical arm
(Ang-converting enzyme (ACE)/Ang II/Ang type 1 receptor (AT1R)) to the detriment of the …

Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a systemic medical condition and has been attributed to
multi-organ pathologies. Genetic, nutritional, hormonal, age and gender differences are …

Fibrosis, defined as an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix, is the end point of a
defective regenerative process, unresolved inflammation and/or chronic damage. Numerous …