Animal behavior is shaped by a variety of" internal states"—partially hidden variables that
profoundly shape perception, cognition, and action. The neural basis of internal states, such …

Sleep is highly conserved across evolution, suggesting vital biological functions that are yet
to be fully understood. Animals and humans experiencing partial sleep restriction usually …

Brain activity during sleep is characterized by circuit-specific oscillations, including slow
waves, spindles and theta waves, which are nested in thalamocortical or hippocampal …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) enables mammals to respond to situations, including internal
states, with appropriate actions. One such internal state could be 'tiredness'. Here, using …

Various environmental stressors, such as extreme temperatures (hot and cold), pathogens,
predators and insufficient food, can threaten life. Remarkable progress has recently been …

Mammals have evolved a range of behavioural and neurological mechanisms that
coordinate cycles of thermoregulation and sleep. Whether diurnal or nocturnal, sleep onset …

The development of cutting-edge techniques to study specific brain regions and neural
circuits that regulate sleep–wake brain states and general anesthesia (GA), has increased …

A fundamental question of physiology is how gut-brain signaling stimulates appetite. While
many studies have emphasized the importance of vagal afferents to the brain in inducing …

Neural substrates of wakefulness, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), and non-REMS
(NREMS) in the mammalian hypothalamus overlap both anatomically and functionally with …

In mice and humans, sleep quantity is governed by genetic factors and exhibits age-
dependent variation,–. However, the core molecular pathways and effector mechanisms that …