Venous malformations (VMs) are the most common vascular developmental anomalies
(birth defects). These defects are caused by developmental arrest of the venous system …

Cerebral sinus venous thrombosis (CSVT) is a rare phenomenon that can be seen with
some frequency in young patients. CSVT is a multifactorial condition with gender-related …

Background: The extracranial venous outflow routes in clinically defined multiple sclerosis
(CDMS) have not previously been investigated. Methods: Sixty-five patients affected by …

OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
combined stenoses of the principal pathways of extracranial venous drainage, including the …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is primarily an autoimmune disorder of unknown origin. This review
focuses iron overload and oxidative stress as surrounding cause that leads to …

Iron stores in the white and deep grey matter in course of multiple sclerosis (MS) have never
been explained and could be related to abnormalities in venous drainage, but this possibility …

Aim. The aim of this study is to compare the hemodyna-mics and the morphology of the
internal jugular veins using Colour-Doppler and B-mode sonongraphy in multiple sclerosis …

A chronic state of impaired venous drainage from the central nervous system, termed
chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI), is claimed to be a pathologic …

Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is a vascular picture that shows a
strong association with multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this study was to investigate the …

The International Union of Phlebology (IUP), the largest international organization devoted
to the investigation and management of venous disorders, established an expert panel to …