Several lines of evidence suggest that brain function and behaviour are influenced by
microbial metabolites. Key products of the microbiota are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) …

Consolidation of implicit memory in the invertebrate Aplysia and explicit memory in the
mammalian hippocampus are associated with remodeling and growth of preexisting …

One of the most remarkable aspects of an animal's behavior is the ability to modify that
behavior by learning, an ability that reaches its highest form in human beings. For me …

Why do we grow up to look, act, and feel as we do? Through most of the twentieth century,
scientists and laypeople answered this question by referring to two factors alone: our …

Two neurotrophic factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-
3), are able to produce a long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission in the …

Behavioral and pharmacological experiments in many animal species have suggested that
memory is consolidated from an initial, disruptable form into a longlasting, stable form within …

Trans-synaptic activation of gene expression is linked to long-term plastic adaptations in the
nervous system. To examine the molecular program induced by synaptic activity, we have …

IN both vertebrates and invertebrates, long-term memory differs from short-term in requiring
protein synthesis during training1, 2. Studies of the gill and siphon withdrawal reflex in …

The storage of long-term memory is associated with a cellular program of gene expression,
altered protein synthesis, and the growth of new synaptic connections. Recent studies of a …

Memory and synaptic plasticity exhibit distinct temporal phases, with long-lasting forms
distinguished by their dependence on macromolecular synthesis. Prevailing models for the …