Repeated, episodic bouts of skeletal muscle contraction undertaken frequently as structured
exercise training are a potent stimulus for physiological adaptation in many organs …

The present review paper focuses on the chemistry of oxidative stress mitigation by
antioxidants. Oxidative stress is understood as a lack of balance between the pro-oxidant …

The continual supply of ATP to the fundamental cellular processes that underpin skeletal
muscle contraction during exercise is essential for sports performance in events lasting …

The excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairment of defensive
antioxidant systems leads to a condition known as oxidative stress. The main source of free …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? We review sex differences within
physiological systems implicated in exercise performance; specifically, how they integrate to …

The first report demonstrating that prolonged endurance exercise promotes oxidative stress
in humans was published more than 4 decades ago. Since this discovery, many ensuing …

Oxidative stress is a critical factor in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetes and its
associated complications. The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Nrf2 and its endogenous inhibitor, Keap1, function as a ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved
intracellular defense mechanism to counteract oxidative stress. Sequestered by cytoplasmic …

Free radicals are chemical species (atoms, molecules, or ions) containing one or more
unpaired electrons in their external orbitals and generally display a remarkable reactivity …

Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between production of free radicals and reactive
metabolites or [reactive oxygen species (ROS)] and their elimination by through protective …