The resurgence of interest in anhedonia within major depression has been fuelled by
clinical trials demonstrating its utility in predicting antidepressant response as well as recent …

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) is a behavioral procedure in which operant responding is
maintained by pulses of electrical brain stimulation. In research to study abuse-related drug …

Kratom products have been historically and anecdotally used in south Asian countries for
centuries to manage pain and opioid withdrawal. The use of kratom products has …

Synthetic cathinones, often sold as “bath salts,” are a popular class of recreational drugs
used as quasi-legal alternatives to cocaine, methamphetamine, and …

A new generation of novel cathinone compounds has been developed as stimulant
substitutes to avoid drug control laws and detection of use by blood tests. Dipentylone, N …

Sigma receptors (σRs) are structurally unique proteins that function intracellularly as
chaperones. Historically, σRs have been implicated as modulators of psychomotor stimulant …

A new generation of novel cannabinoid compounds have been developed as marijuana
substitutes to avoid drug control laws and cannabinoid blood tests. 5F-MDMB-PINACA (also …

Background The development of novel synthetic psychoactive substances continues to
accelerate. There are little or no data on the pharmacological mechanisms, behavioral …

Background: The underground market is constantly flooded with newer synthetic as
alternatives to the older cathinones. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has identified …

Regulatory agencies recommend that centrally active drugs are tested for abuse potential
before approval. Standard preclinical assessments are conducted in rats or non-human …