Land plants are exposed to not only biotic stresses such as pathogen infection and
herbivore wounding, but abiotic stresses such as cold, heat, drought, and salt. Elaborate …

Outer protective barriers of animals use a variety of bio‐polymers, based on either proteins
(eg collagens), or modified sugars (eg chitin). Plants, however, have come up with a …

The shoot apical meristem allows for reiterative formation of new aerial structures throughout
the life cycle of a plant. We use single-cell RNA sequencing to define the cellular taxonomy …

Similar to other complex organisms, plants consist of diverse and specialized cell types. The
gain of unique biological functions of these different cell types is the consequence of the …

Fatty acids and lipids, which are major and essential constituents of all plant cells, not only
provide structural integrity and energy for various metabolic processes but can also function …

The aerial surfaces of plants are covered by a protective barrier formed by the cutin
polyester and waxes, collectively referred to as the cuticle. Plant cuticles prevent the loss of …

Contents I. Introduction 295 II. Evolution of the Plant Vascular System 295 III. Phloem
Development & Differentiation 300 IV. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Xylem Cell …

Cutin, a polyester composed mostly of oxygenated fatty acids, serves as the framework of
the plant cuticle. The same types of cutin monomers occur across most plant lineages …

Acyl lipids in Arabidopsis and all other plants have a myriad of diverse functions. These
include providing the core diffusion barrier of the membranes that separates cells and …

Cutin and suberin are the polymer matrices for lipophilic cell wall barriers. These barriers
control the fluxes of gases, water and solutes, and also play roles in protecting plants from …