Parallel evolution across replicate populations has provided evolutionary biologists with
iconic examples of adaptation. When multiple populations colonize seemingly similar …

The human gut harbors a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, including bacteria and
viruses. With the rise of next-generation sequencing technologies, we have seen a quantum …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

Understanding what aspects of evolution are predictable, and repeatable, is a central goal of
biology. Studying phenotypic convergence (the independent evolution of similar traits in …

Whether evolution is erratic due to random historical details, or is repeatedly directed along
similar paths by certain constraints, remains unclear. Epistasis (ie non-additive interaction …

Marine viruses impose a heavy mortality on their host bacteria, whereas at the same time the
degree of viral resistance in marine bacteria appears to be high. Antagonistic coevolution …

To what extent are evolutionary outcomes determined by a population's recent environment,
and to what extent do they depend on historical contingency and random chance? Here we …

The roles of chance, contingency, and necessity in evolution are unresolved because they
have never been assessed in a single system or on timescales relevant to historical …

Highlights•Life history trade-offs are experienced by both eukaryotic viruses and by
phage.•Experimental evolution is a powerful method to study viral trade-offs.•Intracellular …

A primary goal of recent work in experimental evolution is to probe the molecular basis of
adaptation. This requires an understanding of the individual mutations in evolving …