A number of stimuli-responsive-based hydrogels has been widely explored in biomedical
applications in the last few decades because of their excellent biodegradability and …

Every day thousands of surgical procedures are performed to replace or repair tissue that
has been damaged through disease or trauma. The developing field of tissue engineering …

Tissue engineering (TE) is a promising approach for repairing diseased and damaged bone
tissue. Injectable hydrogel based strategies offer a wide range of applications in rapid …

Materials that enhance bone regeneration have a wealth of potential clinical applications
from the treatment of nonunion fractures to spinal fusion. The use of porous material …

Exosomes are cell‐derived extracellular vesicles of 40–160 nm diameter, which carry
numerous biomolecules and transmit information between cells. They are used as functional …

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) are typically used to generate bone tissue by a
process resembling intramembranous ossification, ie, by direct osteoblastic differentiation …

The treatment of bone defects has plagued clinicians. Exosomes, the naturally secreted
nanovesicles by cells, exhibit great potential in bone defect regeneration to realize cell-free …

Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential
in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone …

Embryonic development, lengthening, and repair of most bones proceed by endochondral
ossification, namely through formation of a cartilage intermediate. It was previously …

Despite electrospinning having multiple advantages over other methods such as creating
materials with a superfine fiber diameter, high specific surface area, and good mechanical …