Oxidative stress develops as a response to injury and reflects a breach in the cell's
antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the fine-tuning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation …

There are many types of intercellular communication, and extracellular vesicles are one of
the important forms of this. They are released by a variety of cell types, are heterogeneous …

Mitochondrial dysfunction is an established hallmark of aging and neurodegenerative
disorders such as Down syndrome (DS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Using a high …

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a highly prevalent neurodegenerative disease among older
adults. PD neuropathology is marked by the progressive loss of the dopaminergic neurons …

The blood‐brain barrier (BBB), as a crucial gate of brain‐blood molecular exchange, is
involved in the pathogenesis of multiple neurological diseases. Oxidative stress is caused …

Physical frailty and sarcopenia (PF&S) share multisystem derangements, including
variations in circulating amino acids and chronic low-grade inflammation. Gut microbiota …

Systemic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are involved in neurodegeneration in
Parkinson's disease (PD). Extracellular vesicle (EV) trafficking may link inflammation and …

Inflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration,
are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). These inflammatory …

Mitochondria are organelles present in almost all eukaryotic cells, where they represent the
main site of energy production. Mitochondria are involved in several important cell …

Mitophagy is crucial for maintaining mitochondrial quality. However, its assessment in vivo is
challenging. The endosomal–lysosomal system is a more accessible pathway through …