An external skeleton is an essential part of the body plan of many animals and is thought to
be one of the key factors that enabled the great expansion in animal diversity and disparity …

The present review article is intended to direct attention to the technological advances made
in the 2010–2014 quinquennium for the isolation and manufacture of nanofibrillar chitin and …

The shells of pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata, are composed of calcite and aragonite and
possess remarkable mechanical properties. These shells are formed under the regulation of …

Bivalve shells are inorganic-organic nanocomposites whose material properties outperform
their purely inorganic mineral counterparts. Most typically the inorganic phase is a …

Colour and pattern are key traits with important roles in camouflage, warning and attraction.
Ideally, in order to begin to understand the evolution and ecology of colour in nature, it is …

Biomineralization is a process of mineral formation in living organisms. Compared with
nonbiogenic minerals, biominerals can be defined as organic–inorganic hybrid materials …

Mytilus coruscus is an economically important marine calcifier living in the Yangtze River
estuary sea area, where seasonal fluctuations in natural pH occur owing to freshwater input …

Since the Industrial Revolution, the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) due
to anthropogenic activities has increased at unprecedented rates. One-third of the …

Mytilus coruscus is an economically important marine bivalve that lives in estuarine sea
areas with seasonal coastal acidification and frequently suffers shell injury in the natural …

Shell biomineralization is a process where inorganic minerals accumulate upon a chitinous
scaffold under the control of multifunctional matrix proteins. In this study, we cloned a novel …