Heavy metals (HMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic components of
atmospheric particles. These pollutants induce a wide variety of responses in plants, leading …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide are produced
in plants in response to many biotic and abiotic stressors, and they can enhance stress …

Complex signalling pathways are involved in plant protection against single and combined
stresses. Plants are able to coordinate genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming and …

Arthropod herbivory poses a serious threat to crop yield, prompting plants to employ intricate
defense mechanisms against pest feeding. The generalist pest 2-spotted spider mite …

The interaction between plants and phytophagous arthropods encompasses a complex
network of molecules, signals, and pathways to overcome defences generated by each …

Plants continuously monitor the environment to detect changing conditions and to properly
respond, avoiding deleterious effects on their fitness and survival. An enormous number of …

Lacking an adaptive immune system, plants rely on innate immunity comprising two main
layers: PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI), both utilizing …

Simple Summary Nitric oxide (NO) is a key molecule that has an important role in the plant
life cycle. It mediates a range of physiological processes and responses to stresses (eg …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diatomic, gaseous, free radicle, lipophilic, diffusible, and highly
reactive molecule with unique properties that make it a crucial signaling molecule with …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that participates in plant adaptation to adverse
environmental factors. This study aimed to clarify the role of NO in the regulation of vacuolar …