Protein folding is a complex, error-prone process that often results in an irreparable protein
by-product. These by-products can be recognized by cellular quality control machineries …

Men may not be able to multitask, but it is emerging that proteins can. This capacity of
proteins to exhibit more than one function is termed protein moonlighting, and, surprisingly …

Research on diphtheria and anthrax toxins over the past three decades has culminated in a
detailed understanding of their structure function relationships (eg, catalytic (C) …

In antigen (Ag) cross-presentation, dendritic cells (DCs) take up extracellular Ag and
translocate them from the endosome to the cytosol for proteasomal degradation. The …

A number of protein toxins bind at the surface of mammalian cells and after endocytosis
traffic to the endoplasmic reticulum, where the toxic A chains are liberated from the …

Chloroplast heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90C) represents a highly conserved subfamily of the
Hsp90 family of molecular chaperones whose function has not been defined. We identified …

Some hypervirulent strains of Clostridium difficile produce the binary actin-ADP-ribosylating
toxin C. difficile transferase (CDT) in addition to Rho-glucosylating toxins A and B. It has …

Bacterial AB toxins are secreted key virulence factors that are internalized by target cells
through receptor-mediated endocytosis, translocating their enzymatic domain to the cytosol …

The heterodimeric plant toxin ricin binds exposed galactosyls at the cell surface of target
mammalian cells, and, following endocytosis, is transported in vesicular carriers to the …

Binary enterotoxins Clostridium (C.) botulinum C2 toxin, C. perfringens iota toxin and C.
difficile toxin CDT are composed of a transport (B) and a separate non-linked enzyme (A) …