Charge carriers are fundamental components of batteries that determine battery chemistry
and performance. Non-metallic charge carriers provide an alternative to metallic charge …

In this Focus Review, we put the spotlight on very recent insights into the fascinating world of
wet chemistry in the realm offered by nanoconfinement of water in mechanically rather rigid …

Nanostructured birnessite exhibits high specific capacitance and nearly ideal capacitive
behaviour in aqueous electrolytes, rendering it an important electrode material for low-cost …

Developing advanced electrode materials is crucial for improving the electrochemical
performances of proton batteries. Currently, the anodes are primarily crystalline materials …

Proton, as a charge carrier, is most attractive due to its size and the associated advantages.
Recently, reversible proton insertion in electrodes has emerged in electrochemical energy …

Rechargeable energy storage devices have been widely applied to meet the development
of social green economy storage. Aqueous proton batteries (APBs) are regarded as one of …

Layered materials have received extensive attention for widespread applications such as
energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and ion transport owing to their fast ion diffusion …

Hydrogen ion is an attractive charge carrier for energy storage due to its smallest radius.
However, hydrogen ions usually exist in the form of hydronium ion (H3O+) because of its …

Crystalline structures and lattice water molecules are believed to strongly influence the
ability of metal oxides to reversibly and rapidly insert protons in aqueous batteries. In the …

Conspectus The widespread use of electrical plants and grids to generate, transmit, and
deliver power to consumers makes electricity the most convenient form of energy to …