Since it was first generally accepted that the two amino acids glutamate and GABA act as
principal neurotransmitters, several landmark discoveries relating to this function have been …

Astrocytes are highly complex cells that respond to a variety of external stimulations. One of
the chief functions of astrocytes is to optimize the interstitial space for synaptic transmission …

Glutamic acid is an amino acid with multiple biological roles. In the animal world, it links the
metabolism of carbon and nitrogen and, depending on the need, serves either as a source …

Glutamine synthetase (GS) in brain is located mainly in astrocytes. One of the primary roles
of astrocytes is to protect neurons against excitotoxicity by taking up excess ammonia and …

Recent in vivo studies have established astrocytes as a major target for locus coeruleus
activation (Bekar et al., 2008), renewing interest in cell culture studies on noradrenergic …

Due to their chemical properties, steroid hormones cross the blood-brain barrier where they
have profound effects on neuronal development and reorganization both in invertebrates …

The metabolic fate of L‐[U‐14C]‐and L‐[l‐14C] glutamate was studied in primary cultures of
mouse astrocytes. Conversion of the uniformly labeled compound to glutamine and …

Primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes and neurons, as well as neurons growing on
top of the astrocytes (sandwich co-cultures), were incubated with 1-[13 C] glucose or 2-[13 …

The uptake of L-glutamate was studied in astrocytes cultured from different brain areas of
newborn rats as well as in two different cultures of neurons obtained from mouse brain. Both …

Astrocytes have traditionally been viewed as passive supportive cells, which were primarily
responsible for maintaining an optimal environment for electrical neuronal activity. Recent …