Clostridia produce the highest number of toxins of any type of bacteria and are involved in
severe diseases in humans and other animals. Most of the clostridial toxins are pore-forming …

Tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) are dynamic structures linked to the actin
cytoskeleton, which control the paracellular permeability of epithelial and endothelial …

Increased microvascular permeability is a hallmark of sepsis and septic shock. Intestinal
mucosal dysfunction may allow translocation of bacteria and their products, thereby …

Actin cytoskeleton is a main target of many bacterial pathogens. Among the multiple
regulation steps of the actin cytoskeleton, bacterial factors interact preferentially with …

There is an increasing need for nasal drug delivery systems that could improve the efficiency
of the direct nose to brain pathway especially for drugs for treatment of central nervous …

Cell adhesion molecules are integral cell–membrane proteins that maintain cell–cell and
cell–substrate adhesion and in some cases act as regulators of intracellular signaling …

Clostridium difficile is the major cause of intestinal infections in hospitals. The major
virulence factors are toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB), which belong to the group of …

Aims: Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to atherogenesis. Rac1 GTPase
regulates pro-oxidant NADPH oxidase activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation …

Epithelial tissues are characterized by specialized cell-cell junctions, typically localized to
the apical regions of cells. These junctions are formed by interacting membrane proteins …

When intraperitoneally injected into Swiss mice, Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin reproduces
the fatal toxic shock syndrome observed in humans and animals after natural infection. This …