I outline how understanding the mechanism of behavioural plasticity is important for
predicting how organisms will respond to rapidly changing and novel environments. I define …

Attempts to relate brain size to behaviour and cognition have rarely integrated information
from insects with that from vertebrates. Many insects, however, demonstrate that highly …

The widely held hypothesis that enlarged brains have evolved as an adaptation to cope with
novel or altered environmental conditions lacks firm empirical support. Here, we test this …

Complex brains have evolved a highly efficient network architecture whose structural
connectivity is capable of generating a large repertoire of functional states. We detect …

Large brains, relative to body size, can confer advantages to individuals in the form of
behavioral flexibility. Such enhanced behavioral flexibility is predicted to carry fitness …

Neuropeptides are by far the largest and most diverse group of signaling molecules in
multicellular organisms. They are ancient molecules important in regulating a multitude of …

The hypothesis that large brains allow animals to produce novel behaviour patterns is
supported by the correlation between brain size, corrected for body size, and the frequency …

Animals adjust their behaviour in response to complex environmental conditions. This form
of plasticity requires the formation of association between information and an appropriate …

Neural processing in the brain controls behavior through descending neurons (DNs)-
neurons which carry signals from the brain to the spinal cord (or thoracic ganglia in insects) …

Many nonhuman animals produce facial expressions which sometimes bear clear
resemblance to the facial expressions seen in humans. An understanding of this …