Aims Because low-grade inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart
disease (CHD), and pro-inflammatory cytokines govern inflammatory cascades, this study …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. The
primary prevention of CVD is dependent upon the ability to identify high-risk individuals long …

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The
highest risk of fatality occurs within the initial hours of onset of AMI. Thus, early diagnosis of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …

Background Endothelial progenitor cells derived from bone marrow are believed to support
the integrity of the vascular endothelium. The number and function of endothelial progenitor …

Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol-lowering
agents used to manage and prevent cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases. Recently …

echocardiogram) may be expected to facilitate the identification of patients with chest pain of
an ischemic etiology (angina). In a patient presenting to the emergency department with …

The content of these European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Guidelines has been published
for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC …

Recent investigations of atherosclerosis have focused on inflammation, providing new
insight into mechanisms of disease. Inflammatory cytokines involved in vascular …

Background—Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) have gained attention as critical
mediators of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a hemoprotein …