Abstract Three dimensional (3D) tubes, which possess the characteristics of space saving,
lightweight and high strength, are widely used in many high-end industries such as aviation …

Because of the excellent thermal conductivity and increased strength, finned special-shaped
tube (FSST) is frequently utilized in a variety of industrial applications. However, duo to the …

The finned special-shaped tube (FSST) has better heat dissipation, compression resistance,
and deformation resistance than round and square tubes, making them more suitable for …

Spatial tubes, known for their attributes of lightweight, large section modulus, and high
strength, find extensive applications across various industries. Nevertheless, in the course of …

Stainless steel square tube components with complex spatial shapes are widely used in the
fields of vehicles, ships, construction machinery and construction. Due to these components …

The use of lightweight components in modern transportation is becoming popular, although
there are many challenges due to safety and comfort issues. Over the years, rising consumer …

In order to study the free bending forming process of tube, the basic principle of free bending
is analyzed. The mechanical properties of the material are obtained by tensile test. The …