Quantifying rates of climate change in mountain regions is of considerable interest, not least
because mountains are viewed as climate “hotspots” where change can anticipate or …

The Arctic has warmed more than twice as fast as the global average since the late twentieth
century, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification (AA). Recently, there have been …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet is one of the largest sources of contemporary sea-level
rise (SLR). While process-based models place timescales on Greenland's deglaciation, their …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

The physical understanding and timely prediction of extreme weather events are of
enormous importance to society due to their associated impacts. In this article, we highlight …

In the province of British Columbia, Canada, four of the most severe wildfire seasons of the
last century occurred in the past 7 years: 2017, 2018, 2021, and 2023. To investigate trends …

Mechanisms of Arctic amplification and Arctic climate change are difficult to pinpoint, and
current climate models do not represent the complex local processes and feedbacks at play …