Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Multidrug resistant bacteria are a global threat for human and animal health. However, they
are only part of the problem of antibiotic failure. Another bacterial strategy that contributes to …

Chronic and recurrent bacterial infections are frequently associated with the formation of
biofilms on biotic or abiotic materials that are composed of mono-or multi-species cultures of …

Combining membrane impermeable DNA-binding stain propidium iodide (PI) with
membrane-permeable DNA-binding counterstains is a widely used approach for bacterial …

Escherichia coli biofilm consists of a bacterial colony embedded in a matrix of extracellular
polymeric substances (EPS) which protects the microbes from adverse environmental …

Bacterial cells may escape the effects of antibiotics without undergoing genetic change;
these cells are known as persisters. Unlike resistant cells that grow in the presence of …

Success in nature depends upon an ability to perceive and adapt to the surrounding
environment. Bacteria are not an exception; they recognize and constantly adjust to …

A community-based sessile life style is the normal mode of growth and survival for many
bacterial species. Under such conditions, cell-to-cell interactions are inevitable and …

Bacteria can utilize signal molecules to coordinate their behavior to survive in dynamic
multispecies communities. Indole is widespread in the natural environment, as a variety of …

Control of the lac operon with isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) has been used
to regulate gene expression in Escherichia coli for countless applications, including …