Many behaviors posing significant risks to public health are characterized by repeated
decisions to forego better long-term outcomes in the face of immediate temptations. Steeply …

Extensive research with animals and humans indicates that rewarded effort contributes to
durable individual differences in industriousness. It is proposed that reinforcement for …

As many of the chapters in this volume illustrate, a host of procedures have been used to
study choice between delayed reinforcers. One dimension that helps to distinguish among …

Delay discounting refers to the tendency for outcomes that are remote in time to have less
value than more immediate outcomes. Steep discounting of delayed outcomes is associated …

The degree to which real and hypothetical rewards were discounted across delays ranging
from 6 hr to 1 year was explored in a within-subjects design. An adjusting-amounts …

The tendency to choose a larger, more delayed reinforcer over a smaller, less delayed one
has frequently been termed “selfcontrol.” Three very different research traditions–two models …

Self-control, so important in the theory and practice of psychology, has usually been
understood introspectively. This target article adopts a behavioral view of the self (as an …

Prior studies comparing discounting of delayed hypothetical or potentially real rewards have
reported no differences, but they used within-subjects designs. This raises the possibility that …

Kahneman and Tversky's cognitive model of human choice is compared with Herrnstein's
behavioral model of animal choice. The two models have many corresponding concepts. A …

Our fascination with eating and drinking behaviors and their causes has resulted in a huge
industry of food-related pop science. Every bookstore, every magazine stand, every grocery …