This review focuses on the type A cytochrome c oxidases (C c O), which are found in all
mitochondria and also in several aerobic bacteria. C c O catalyzes the respiratory reduction …

In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron
transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient …

Cellular respiration has a long research history at the interface between biology, chemistry,
and physics. Research in this field spans the entire range from fundamental mechanistic and …

All 13 lipids, including two cardiolipins, one phosphatidylcholine, three
phosphatidylethanolamines, four phosphatidylglycerols and three triglycerides, were …

A series of metalloprotein complexes embedded in a mitochondrial or bacterial membrane
utilize electron transfer reactions to pump protons across the membrane and create an …

Respiratory heme-copper oxidases are integral membrane proteins that catalyze the
reduction of molecular oxygen to water using electrons donated by either quinol (quinol …

Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), the terminal enzyme of electron transport chains in some
prokaryotes and in mitochondria, has been characterized in detail over many years …

As outlined by Peter Mitchell in the chemiosmotic theory, an intermediate in energy
conversion in biological systems is a proton electrochemical potential difference (“proton …

The biogenesis and function of eukaryotic cytochrome c oxidase or mitochondrial respiratory
chain complex IV (CIV) undergo several levels of regulation to adapt to changing …

This mini-review summarizes our present view of the biochemical alterations associated with
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) point mutations. Mitochondrial cytopathies caused by mutations …