Macrophages are innate immune cells that possess unique abilities to polarize toward
different phenotypes. Classically activated macrophages are known to have major roles in …

Immunomodulators such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are used to treat
autoimmune conditions by reducing the magnitude of the innate immune response …

The combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is the most effective
regimen for therapy of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). As many patients with PCP are …

Background Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause severe disease in children and adults with a
variety of inherited or acquired T-cell immunodeficiencies, who are prone to multiple …

We explored differential polarization of macrophages during infection using a rat model of
Pneumocystis pneumonia. We observed enhanced pulmonary M1 macrophage polarization …

Pneumocystis is an unusual, opportunistic fungal pathogen capable of causing
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in immunocompromised hosts. Although PCP was …

Objective Long-term steroid use increases the risk of developing Pneumocystis pneumonia
(PcP), but there are limited reports on the relation of long-term steroid and PcP mortality …

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) develops in immunocompromised patients. Alveolar
macrophages play a key role in the recognition, phagocytosis, and degradation of …

Mucormycosis is classified by NIAID as an emerging disease and is caused by Mucorales
fungi. The recent surge of mucormycosis cases among COVID-19 patients has thrust the …

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci causes pneumonia only in immunosuppressed patients,
such as in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or after organ …