Background/Aim. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal biomolecules in the immune system.
Today, we are all aware of the importance of TLRs in bridging innate and adaptive immune …

Oysters, the common name for a number of different bivalve molluscs, are the worldwide
aquaculture species and also play vital roles in the function of ecosystem. As invertebrate …

The insect immune response demonstrates many similarities to the innate immune response
of mammals and a wide range of insects is now employed to assess the virulence of …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the arterial wall where both innate and adaptive
immunoinflammatory mechanisms are involved. Inflammation is central at all stages of …

The complete sequences of Takifugu Toll-like receptor (TLR) loci and gene predictions from
many draft genomes enable comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis. Strong …

The innate immune system of insects is divided into humoral defenses that include the
production of soluble effector molecules and cellular defenses like phagocytosis and …

Choanoflagellates, the closest living relatives of animals, can provide unique insights into
the changes in gene content that preceded the origin of animals. However, only two …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane pattern recognition receptors that are best
known for their roles in innate immunity for the detection of and defense against microbial …

Our improved understanding of how innate immune responses can be initiated and how
they can shape adaptive B‐and T‐cell responses is having a significant impact on vaccine …

Mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic and viral diseases of immense importance for public
health. The acquisition of the genome sequence of the yellow fever and Dengue vector …