Smart polymeric and gel actuators change shape or size in response to stimuli like
electricity, heat, or light. These smart polymeric-and gel-based actuators are compliant and …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) consist of an electroactive polymeric membrane
plated with metal electrodes. They hold promise as actuators and sensors for soft robotics …

Abstract Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC) are smart materials whose
electromechanical behavior depends on the electrical stimulus intensity, membrane …

Compared to conventional actuators, the soft ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC)
actuator has significant advantages in specific applications, and the mathematical model of …

We have formulated a large deformation thermodynamically-consistent electro-chemo-
elasticity theory for modeling the actuation response of ionic polymer–metal composites. Our …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are a promising class of soft active materials. Their
high compliance, low actuation voltage, and ability to operate in wet environments have …

Ionomeric Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMCs) are sandwich-like materials based in a
polymeric membrane covered on both sides by metallic electrodes. Its operation mechanism …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are unique electroactive polymers that show
promise as actuators in soft robotics and biomedical applications. The modeling and …

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) are a new class of active materials that are gaining
traction as soft actuators in medical and industrial applications. IPMCs can undergo large …

Understanding how ions and solvent molecules migrate within charged membranes is
fundamental for advancing the analysis of biological membranes and the design of energy …