Maintenance of the mitochondrial genome is essential for proper cellular function. For this
purpose, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) needs to be faithfully replicated, transcribed …

Background The National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS) is a large population‐
based multicenter case–control study of major birth defects in the United States. Methods …

Background The topic of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) has attracted more and more
attentions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to air pollutants during pregnancy …

Abstract Background Congenital heart defects (CHDs) has a multifactorial causation with a
strong genetic component and many environmental triggers. Emerging body of empirical …

BACKGROUND The development of congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial with
genetic and environmental influences. We sought to determine the relationship between …

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are a common birth defect of largely unknown etiology,
with high fetal and neonatal mortality. A review of CHDs and environmental contaminant …

Background Congenital malformations are considered as one of the significant causes of
preterm as well as neonatal morbidity and mortality. Literature suggests the association of …

Background Evidence of maternal exposure to ambient air pollution on congenital heart
defects (CHD) has been mixed and are still relatively limited in developing countries. We …

Exposures to particulate matter with diameter of 2.5 µm or less (PM 2.5) may influence risk of
birth defects. We estimated associations between maternal exposure to prenatal traffic …

Gestational exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with Congenital Heart
Diseases (CHDs). However, only a few studies, with inconsistent results, have investigated …