Assessment of kidney function is primarily based on urine output and Creatinine (Cr)-based
methods to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The latter is confounded as Cr is not …

This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 …

Abstract Background: Proenkephalin A (PENK) and its receptors are widely distributed.
Enkephalins are cardiodepressive and difficult to measure directly. PENK is a stable …

Background: Proenkephalin (PENK) has been suggested as a novel biomarker for kidney
function. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic utility of plasma PENK in …

Background: The assessment of renal function in clinical practice remains challenging.
Using creatinine to assess the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is notoriously inaccurate, and …

Acute kidney injury (AKI) develops in up to 40% of patients after cardiac surgery. The soluble
urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been identified as a biomarker for …

BACKGROUND Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in many critically ill patients and is
associated with high mortality. We examined whether proenkephalin could predict incident …

Background The assessment of kidney function and detection of acute kidney injury (AKI)
remain cumbersome. On the one hand, because of limited accuracy of established tests: The …

Background: PENK (proenkephalin) is a stable surrogate for enkephalins, endogenous
opioid peptides, which exert cardiodepressive effects and improve renal function. PENK has …

Background Proenkephalin (pro-ENK) has emerged as a novel biomarker associated with
both renal function and cardiac function. However, its clinical and prognostic value have not …