Gliomas are the common type of brain tumors originating from glial cells. Epidemiologically,
gliomas occur among all ages, more often seen in adults, which males are more susceptible …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) family members are structurally and functionally related
cytokines that have diverse effects on the regulation of cell fate during embryonic …

Triple-negative (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer owing to high
heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and lack of treatment options. Chemotherapy remains the …

Gliomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumours, remain universally lethal. Yet,
seminal discoveries in the past 5 years have clarified the anatomy, genetics and function of …

Glioblastomas are intrinsic brain tumors thought to originate from neuroglial stem or
progenitor cells. More than 90% of glioblastomas are isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) …

Immune checkpoints consist of inhibitory and stimulatory pathways that maintain self-
tolerance and assist with immune response. In cancer, immune checkpoint pathways are …

Tumors are composed of non-homogeneous cell populations exhibiting varying degrees of
genetic and functional heterogeneity. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are capable of sustaining …

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathway is deregulated in many diseases,
including cancer. In healthy cells and early-stage cancer cells, this pathway has tumor …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in both
physiologic and pathologic conditions, including cancer. Importantly, TGFβ can exhibit both …

Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor in adults and is almost
invariably fatal. Despite our growing understanding of the various mechanisms underlying …