For over half a century, male rodents have been the default model organism in preclinical
neuroscience research, a convention that has likely contributed to higher rates of …

Although most patients with chronic pain are women, the preclinical literature regarding pain
processing and the pathophysiology of chronic pain has historically been derived …

Microglia are mononuclear phagocytes of mesodermal origin that migrate to the central
nervous system (CNS) during the early stages of embryonic development. After colonizing …

Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Acute nociceptive pain is a key defence system that enables the detection of danger signals
that threaten homeostasis and survival. However, chronic pain (such as the neuropathic …

A large and rapidly increasing body of evidence indicates that microglia-to-neuron signaling
is essential for chronic pain hypersensitivity. Using multiple approaches, we found that …

In humans, the combination of all sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences
of biologic sex produces different in vivo environments for male and female cells. We dissect …

Although sex dimorphism is increasingly recognized as an important factor in pain, female-
specific pain signaling is not well studied. Here we report that administration of IL-23 …