Microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy) affect hundreds of
millions of patients with type 2 diabetes. They usually affect people with longstanding or …

Angiotensin II and other components of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS)
have a central role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic renal disease. A study in …

The original KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in
Chronic Kidney Disease in the chronic kidney disease (CKD) population not receiving …

Pharmacological blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) ameliorates end-organ
damage in chronic heart failure. However, the clinical use of available steroidal MR …

The KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD) follows only 2 years after the original KDIGO 2020 Clinical Practice …

People with type 1 and type 2 diabetes are at risk of developing progressive chronic kidney
disease (CKD) and end-stage kidney failure. Hypertension is a major, reversible risk factor …

Aldosterone, a steroid hormone with mineralocorticoid activity, is mainly recognized for its
action on sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron of the kidney, which is mediated by the …

Aldosterone promotes glomerular and tubular sclerosis independent of angiotensin II in
animal models of diabetic nephropathy. Most human studies testing the renoprotective …

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a lack of insulin causing elevated blood glucose, often
with associated insulin resistance. Over time, especially in genetically susceptible …

Aldosterone is a hormone that exerts manifold deleterious effects on the kidneys, blood
vessels, and heart which can lead to pathophysiological consequences. Inhibition of the …