Scientists seek to eliminate all forms of bias from their research. However, all scientists also
make assumptions of a non-empirical nature about topics such as causality, determinism …

In “The evidence that evidence‐based medicine omits”, Brendan Clarke and colleagues
argue that when establishing causal facts in medicine, evidence of mechanisms ought to be …

A question has been raised in recent years as to whether the risk field, including analysis,
assessment, and management, ought to be considered a discipline on its own. As …

Philosophical discussions of disagreement typically focus on cases in which the disagreeing
agents are aware that they are disagreeing and can pinpoint the proposition that they are …

Safety assessment of technologies and interventions is often underdetermined by evidence.
For example, scientists have collected evidence concerning genetically modified plants for …

The public is generally enthusiastic about the latest science and technology, but sometimes
research threatens the physical safety or ethical norms of society. When this happens …

Science is expected to be the most transparent, objective, and bias-free approach available
to study reality. This ideal, as well as the faith in science, has sometimes been challenged …

We saw in part II that different philosophical biases can motivate different and sometimes
conflicting scientific practices and norms. In this final part of the book,'What then when …

Does it matter whether causation is understood as regularities, difference-makers,
mechanisms, or dispositions, or is this a purely philosophical debate that scientists and …

MON810 maize was first commercialized in 1997 and it is one of the most marketed
genetically modified crops worldwide. Although MON810 maize has been studied …