This paper presents a literature survey on the recent developments related to experimental
and modeling studies of transient luminous events (TLEs) in the middle atmosphere termed …

This paper presents an overview of the recent modeling efforts directed to the interpretation
of observed features of transient luminous events termed sprites, blue jets, and gigantic jets …

Blue jets are lightning-like, atmospheric electric discharges of several hundred millisecond
duration that fan into cones as they propagate from the top of thunderclouds into the …

Narrow bipolar events (NBEs) are signatures in radio signals from thunderstorms observed
by ground-based receivers. NBEs may occur at the onset of lightning, but the discharge …

Thunderstorm clouds may reach the lower stratosphere, affecting the exchange of
greenhouse gases between the troposphere and stratosphere. This region of the …

Atmospheric electricity has been intensively studied during the last 30 years after the
discovery in 1989 of different forms of upper atmospheric electrical discharges (so–called …

A two‐dimensional axisymmetric model of charge relaxation in the conducting atmosphere
is used in conjunction with a probabilistic lightning model to demonstrate how realistic cloud …

This study investigates the relationship between transient luminous events (TLEs) and
lightning strokes, and the characteristics of TLE‐producing thunderstorms over the Tibetan …

Models of red sprites and blue jets based on the concept of the streamer‐leader mechanism
of the air breakdown are presented. Red sprites are interpreted as the downward streamers …

The Tanpopo mission will address fundamental questions on the origin of terrestrial life. The
main goal is to test the panspermia hypothesis. Panspermia is a long-standing hypothesis …