Recent studies show that cancer cells are sometimes able to evade the host immunity in the
tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can express high levels of immune inhibitory …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections account for 57% of
cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer worldwide and cause a …

Competition for nutrients like glucose can metabolically restrict T cells and contribute to their
hyporesponsiveness during cancer. Metabolic adaptation to the surrounding …

T cell exhaustion is an induced state of dysfunction that arises in response to chronic
infection and cancer. Exhausted CD8+ T cells acquire a distinct epigenetic state, but it is not …

More than 500 million people worldwide are persistently infected with the hepatitis B virus
(HBV) and/or hepatitis C virus (HCV) and are at risk of developing chronic liver disease …

The liver receives blood from both the systemic circulation and the intestine, and in
distinctive, thin-walled sinusoids this mixture passes over a large macrophage population …

Memory CD8 T cells are an important component of protective immunity against viral
infections, and understanding their development will aid in the design of optimal vaccines …

Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis C virus infection activates an intrahepatic immune
response, leading to increased expression of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes and …

Epidemiology Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease
and death throughout the world. 1, 2, 4–9 Very effective treatment is now available, which …

The treatment of hepatitis C has dramatically improved over the past decade. Unlike any
other chronic viral infection, a significant proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis C can …