Diatoms sustain the marine food web and contribute to the export of carbon from the surface
ocean to depth. They account for about 40% of marine primary productivity and particulate …

Biotic and abiotic surfaces in marine waters are rapidly colonized by microorganisms.
Surface colonization and subsequent biofilm formation and development provide numerous …

The “biological pump” is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in
the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles …

The world's oceans are a major sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). The biological
carbon pump plays a vital role in the net transfer of CO2 from the atmosphere to the oceans …

Abstract Subtropical gyres cover 26%–29% of the world's surface ocean and are
conventionally regarded as ocean deserts due to their permanent stratification, depleted …

Photosynthesis evolved in the ocean more than 2 billion years ago and is now performed by
a wide range of evolutionarily distinct organisms, including both prokaryotes and …

Marine sediments record paleoenvironmental changes over time through variations in major
and trace element concentrations. The main objective of this paper is to review such …

During the summers of 2009 and 2013, seawater pH and concentrations of dissolved
oxygen, inorganic carbon, and nutrients were measured off the Changjiang estuary in the …

Marine sediments from the North Pacific document two episodes of expansion and
strengthening of the subsurface oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) accompanied by seafloor …

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) occur in most coastal regions worldwide, with microalgae
playing a major role in coastal waters. In recent decades, the number of algal blooms in …