Biological energy conversion in mitochondria is carried out by the membrane protein
complexes of the respiratory chain and the mitochondrial ATP synthase in the inner …

Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly,
release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by developments …

Retroviral capsid proteins are conserved structurally but assemble into different
morphologies. The mature human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) capsid is best …

Enveloped viruses escape infected cells by budding through limiting membranes. In the
decade since the discovery that HIV recruits cellular ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes …

Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) is a well-established
and efficient technology for the generation of oligonucleotides with a high target affinity …

Recent advances have made cryogenic (cryo) electron microscopy a key technique to
achieve near-atomic-resolution structures of biochemically isolated macromolecular …

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) allows 3D volumes to be reconstructed from a set of 2D
projection images of a tilted biological sample. It allows densities to be resolved in 3D that …

Electron cryo-tomography (cryo-ET) is a technique that is used to produce 3D pictures
(tomograms) of complex objects such as asymmetric viruses, cellular organelles or whole …

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) assembly proceeds in two stages. First, the
55 kilodalton viral Gag polyprotein assembles into a hexameric protein lattice at the plasma …

The recent proliferation of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) techniques has led to the cryo-
ET resolution revolution. Meanwhile, significant efforts have been made to improve the …