Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential
tissue damage. Chronic pain, with a prevalence of 20–30% is the major cause of human …

Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex,
age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress …

Understanding why people vary in their experience and response to pain is central to the
development of better, more targeted, personalised, treatments for pain. Sex and gender …

Highlights•Sex and gender influence assessment, attribution and dismissal of
pain.•Differences have been identified in the activity of immune cells in pain …

Mental disorders such as anxiety and depression induced by chronic pain are common in
clinical practice, and there are significant sex differences in their epidemiology. However …

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the leading causes of pain and disability in adults in
the United States and disproportionately burdens non-Hispanic Black (NHB) individuals and …

Pain remains one of the most common and costly health conditions in the developed world,
and sex and gender differences in the experience of pain are well-documented …

Pain is a multifaceted process that encompasses unpleasant sensory and emotional
experiences. The essence of the pain process is aversion, or perceived negative emotion …

Highlights•Men and women experience muscle pain differently. The underlying mechanisms
for this difference are still not fully understood.•Peripheral mechanisms of muscle pain …

Endogenous pain inhibition is less efficient in chronic pain patients. Diffuse noxious
inhibitory control (DNIC), a form of endogenous pain inhibition, is compromised in women …