Plants are constantly exposed to would-be pathogens and pests, and thus have a
sophisticated immune system to ward off these threats, which otherwise can have …

Highlights•Upon feeding, herbivores secrete saliva, regurgitant and frass that come in
contact with the plant.•Herbivore's gut symbionts can also be released during feeding and …

Herbivorous arthropods have interacted with plants for millions of years. During feeding they
release chemical cues that allow plants to detect the attack and mount an efficient defense …

The response of plants to the stress caused by herbivores involves several different defence
mechanisms. These responses begin at the plant cell plasma membrane, where insect …

The downy mildew pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) is a filamentous
oomycete that invades plant cells via sophisticated but poorly understood structures called …

Plants are constantly threatened by herbivore attacks and must devise survival strategies.
Some plants sense and respond to elicitors including specific molecules secreted by …

Jasmonates are lipid mediators that control defence gene expression in response to
wounding and other environmental stresses. These small molecules can accumulate at …

Highlights•Plants perceive injury recognizing damage associated molecular patters
(DAMPs).•DAMPs serve as the plants''safety-belt'in the arms-race between plants and …

Highlights•Plants perceive herbivore-derived molecules via pattern recognition receptors
(PRRs).•PRRs recognize immunogenic patterns from oral secretions, eggs and damaged …

Rapid systemic signals travel within the first seconds and minutes after herbivore infestation
to mount defense responses in distal tissues. Recent studies have revealed that wound …