Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

Helping B cells and antibody responses is a major function of CD4+ T cells. It has been 10
years since the publication of Bcl6 as the lineage-defining transcription factor for T follicular …

B cells and the antibodies they produce have a deeply penetrating influence on human
physiology. Here, we review current understanding of how B cell responses are initiated; the …

Immunological memory is required for protection against repeated infections and is the basis
of all effective vaccines. Antibodies produced by memory B cells play an essential role in …

The success of vaccines is dependent on the generation and maintenance of immunological
memory. The immune system can remember previously encountered pathogens, and …

The identification of CD4+ T cells localizing to B cell follicles has revolutionized the
knowledge of how humoral immunity is generated. Follicular helper T (TFH) cells support …

The balance between Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has emerged as a prominent
factor in regulating autoimmunity and cancer. Th17 cells are vital for host defense against …

It has been speculated that brain activities might directly control adaptive immune responses
in lymphoid organs, although there is little evidence for this. Here we show that splenic …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells highly express the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) molecule.
Whereas inhibition of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and CD28 co-stimulation is thought to …