Escherichia coli is one of the most-studied microorganisms worldwide but its characteristics
are continually changing. Extraintestinal E. coli infections, such as urinary tract infections …

Fluoroquinolones are an important class of wide‐spectrum antibacterial agents. The first
quinolone described was nalidixic acid, which showed a narrow spectrum of activity. The …

Fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Salmonella spp. were listed by the WHO in 2017 as priority
pathogens for which new antibiotics were urgently needed. The overall global burden of …

While the description of resistance to quinolones is almost as old as these antimicrobial
agents themselves, transferable mechanisms of quinolone resistance (TMQR) remained …

Antimicrobial resistance presents us with a potential global crisis as it undermines the
abilities of conventional antibiotics to combat pathogenic microbes. The history of …

Quinolone resistance in bacterial pathogens has primarily been associated with mutations in
the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of bacterial type-II topoisomerases …

Topoisomerases are vital enzymes specialized in controlling DNA topology, in particular
supercoiling and decatenation, to properly handle nucleic acid packing and cell dynamics …

Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) often causes clinical failure and relapse
after antibiotic treatment. We previously found that 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rh2 [20 (S)-Rh2] …

Bacteria can become resistant not only by horizontal gene transfer or other forms of
exchange of genetic information but also by de novo by adaptation at the gene expression …

DNA gyrase plays important roles in genome replication in various bacteria, including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The gyrA gene encodes the gyrase subunit A protein (GyrA) …