Antibiotic resistance is a global health emergency, with resistance detected to all antibiotics
currently in clinical use and only a few novel drugs in the pipeline. Understanding the …

The rise in multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the greatest threats to human health
worldwide. MDR in bacterial pathogens is a major challenge in healthcare, as bacterial …

The relationship between the multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype and biofilm-forming
capacity has been a topic of extensive interest among biomedical scientists, as these two …

Efflux pumps function as an advanced defense system against antimicrobials by reducing
the concentration of drugs inside the bacteria and extruding the substances outside. Various …

The number of multidrug-resistant bacteria is rapidly spreading worldwide. Among the
various mechanisms determining resistance to antimicrobial agents, multidrug efflux pumps …

Antibiotic efflux is a mechanism that is well-documented in the phenotype of multidrug
resistance in bacteria. Efflux is considered as an early facilitating mechanism in the bacterial …

Background Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the main causes of healthcare-associated
infections that threaten public health, and carbapenems, such as meropenem, have been a …

Biofilms are a common survival strategy employed by bacteria in healthcare settings, which
enhances their resistance to antimicrobial and biocidal agents making infections difficult to …

The bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as an urgent threat to health
care systems. The prevalence of multidrug resistance in this critical human pathogen is …

A key mechanism driving antimicrobial resistance (AMR) stems from the ability of bacteria to
up-regulate efflux pumps upon exposure to drugs. The resistance gained by this up …