Here we describe the development and application of miniature integrated microscopes
(miniscopes) paired with microendoscopes that allow for the visualization and manipulation …

Highlights•Genetic identification of brainstem neurons that gate mouse USVs.•Attractor
networks may convert auditory stimuli into vocal action.•The motor cortex plays a role in …

Courtship displays often involve the concerted production of several distinct courtship
behaviors. The neural circuits that enable the concerted production of the component …

Working memory (WM) is the ability to maintain and manipulate information 'in mind'. The
neural codes underlying WM have been a matter of debate. We simultaneously recorded the …

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by impaired learning of social skills
and language. Memories of how parents and other social models behave are used to guide …

Understanding the structure and function of neural circuits underlying speech and language
is a vital step toward better treatments for diseases of these systems. Songbirds, among the …

Although information processing and storage in the brain is thought to be primarily
orchestrated by synaptic plasticity, other neural mechanisms such as intrinsic plasticity are …

Complex motor skills in vertebrates require specialized upper motor neurons with precise
action potential (AP) firing. To examine how diverse populations of upper motor neurons …

Evidence for motor preparation and planning comes from neural activity preceding neural
commands to activate the effectors; such preparatory activity is observed in pallial areas …

Central pattern generators (CPGs) are central nervous system (CNS) networks that can
generate coordinated output in the absence of patterned sensory input. For decades, this …